The following resources and links to online bibliographies are not exhaustive and we welcome suggestions.
- Roland Betancourt, Byzantine Intersectionality: Sexuality, Gender, and Race in the Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ, 2020).
- Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Idols in the East: European Representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100–1450 (Ithaca, NY, 2012)
- Geraldine Heng, The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2019).
- The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume II: From the Early Christian Era to the “Age of Discovery”, Part 1: From the Demonic Threat to the Incarnation of Sainthood, ed. David Bindman, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. , et al (new ed. Cambridge, MA, 2010).
- The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume II: From the Early Christian Era to the “Age of Discovery”, Part 2: Africans in the Christian Ordinance of the World, ed. David Bindman, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., et al. (new ed. Cambridge, MA, 2010).
- Lindsay Kaplan, Figuring Racism in Medieval Christianity (Oxford, 2018).
- The Origins of Racism in the West, ed. Miriam Eliav-Feldon, Benjamin Isaac, Joseph Ziegler (Cambridge, 2013).
- Matthew X. Vernon, The Black Middle Ages: Race and the Construction of the Middle Ages (New York, 2018).
- Cord J. Whitaker, Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking (Philadelphia, PA, 2019).
Race and Racism in Early Modern Europe
SAA15 Early Modern Race/Ethnic/Indigenous Studies. A Crowd-sourced bibliography